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Saturday, December 14, 2013

NOAA releases draft proposal to expand Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary

June 14, 2013

Diver and Nordmeer.

Just below the surface of Lake Huron, a diver photographs the German freighter Nordmeer, which ran aground in 1966 and eventually sank in 40 feet of water. The relatively shallow depth of the wreck site provides divers more time to explore the twisted steel hull.

Download here (Credit: NOAA, Thunder Bay NMS.)

NOAA today released for public comment a draft environmental impact statement (DEIS) and proposed rule for expanding the boundaries of Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary in Lake Huron from its current 448 square miles to 4,300 square miles.

The proposed expansion is based on several years of research by NOAA and its scientific partners as well as public input, and would include protection of an additional 47 known historic shipwrecks.

During the process to review the sanctuary’s management plan in 2006, NOAA received comments expressing interest in expanding the sanctuary’s boundary to include the waters adjacent to Alcona and Presque Isle counties in Michigan. Specifically, several local government and non-governmental organizations passed resolutions or submitted written letters of support for boundary expansion.

Additionally, in 2007, the Thunder Bay Sanctuary Advisory Council adopted a resolution supporting expanded boundaries. NOAA held three public scoping meetings on this topic in April 2012.

“The proposal to expand the sanctuary is the result of a collaborative effort that involved considerable input from all sectors of the local community,” said Jeff Gray, sanctuary superintendent. “We welcome further public review and comment as we go forward with the important job of managing this special place which is important to the regional economy and protects world-class historical and recreational shipwreck sites.”

E.B. Allen.

With its heavy-duty windlass still on deck and anchor chains and rudder still in place, the E.B. Allen presents a vivid image of a typical nineteenth-century Great Lakes schooner. The Allen sank in 1871 after a collision with another vessel.

Download here (Credit:NOAA, Thunder Bay NMS)

The sanctuary’s Great Lakes Visitor Center has become a major tourist destination and economic stimulant in the region. According to a 2005 study on total visitor spending in the region, the sanctuary impacts $92 million in sales, $35.8 million in personal income to residents, and 1,704 jobs.

One of 14 sites managed by NOAA’s Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, Thunder Bay sanctuary currently protects 45 nationally significant shipwrecks. Research indicates that as many 100 shipwreck sites are yet to be discovered in northern Lake Huron. Through increased tourism and related business development, the sanctuary is working with various partners to encourage sustainable tourism in the region, and foster a broader awareness of the Great Lakes and their rich maritime heritage.

The DEIS and proposed rule are available for download at thunderbay.noaa.gov. All comments must be received by August 13. Written comments should be sent by mail to: Jeff Gray, Sanctuary Superintendent, Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary, 500 West Fletcher Street, Alpena MI 49707.

Comments may also be submitted electronically via the Federal eRulemaking Portal http://www.regulations.gov. Under document type, select “Proposed Rule,” under Keyword or ID, type in NOAA-NOS-2012-0077. The documents are also available for review at the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary’s headquarters office in Alpena.

Public hearings will be held at the following locations:

July 15, Presque Isle District Library, Rogers City Location, 181 East Erie Street, Rogers City, Mich.July 16, Great Lakes Maritime Heritage Center, 500 W. Fletcher Street, Alpena, Mich.July 17, Alcona County Library, Harrisville Branch, 312 W. Main, Harrisville, Mich.

Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary, designated in 2000, spans 448 square miles in northern Lake Huron. Jointly managed by NOAA and the state of Michigan, the sanctuary’s mission is to preserve nationally-significant shipwrecks and other maritime heritage resources through resource protection, education and research. Well-preserved by Lake Huron’s cold, fresh water, these shipwrecks span 150 years of Great Lakes maritime history.

NOAA’s mission is to understand and predict changes in the Earth's environment, from the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun, and to conserve and manage our coastal and marine resources. Join us on Facebook, Twitter and our other social media channels.


View the original article here

Friday, December 13, 2013

Explorers discover northernmost Atlantic seeps, deep-sea canyon diversity, off U.S. Northeast

August 2, 2013

Octopus hatching.

Alongside the diverse coral community in Hydrographer Canyon, ROV Deep Discoverer observed a glass sponge containing cephalopod eggs. If you look closely you can see what looks to be a recent hatchling! (Cephalopods include squids, cuttlefishes and octopuses.)

High resolution (Credit: NOAA Okeanos Explorer Program/2013 Northeast U.S. Canyons Expedition)

Ocean explorers in July on NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer discovered a wide diversity of seafloor features and communities of life in the largely unexplored deep-sea canyons off the northeast U.S. coast. Now through August 16, as the expedition continues, the public can join the mission as “citizen scientists,” at oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos, to see live seafloor video and listen as scientists discuss their observations in real time. During the expedition’s July leg, there were nearly 60,000 visits to the live streaming video.

Canyons represent some of the most striking features of the continental slope off the U.S. East Coast and may also be among the most productive areas in the deep sea. Organic matter and nutrient-rich sediments are often concentrated in these areas and strong currents flow through the steep and rugged terrain of the canyons, exposing hard substrates. With an increase in food availability and a variety of different habitat types across varying depths, submarine canyons may contain higher biodiversity and biomass than the adjacent continental slope, and are likely places to observe deep-sea corals, sponges, and other deep-sea marine organisms.

Methane hydrate.

Close-up of methane hydrate observed at a depth of 1,055 meters, near where bubble plumes were detected in previous sonar data. Pressure and cold temperatures create methane hydrate where molecules of natural gas are trapped in an ice-like cage of water molecules. Methane hydrates, a hydrate patch and chemosynthetic communities were seen during this dive, but no active seepage was observed. Seeps were investigated at other locations.

High resolution (Credit: NOAA Okeanos Explorer Program/2013 Northeast U.S. Canyons Expedition)

During the July leg of the expedition, the ship’s multibeam sonar detected bubbles rising from the seafloor in several locations about 90 nautical miles southeast of Nantucket, Mass. These water-column plumes were traced to seafloor seeps where explorers observed chemosynthetic communities of life supported by chemicals rather than by sunlight. These are the northernmost seeps detected to date on the U.S. Atlantic margin.

The discoveries are expected to help fisheries and other ocean resource managers make better-informed decisions about how to manage, use and protect the ocean and its resources. Scientists believe the need to learn more about these relatively undisturbed canyon ecosystems is becoming more urgent, particularly as the potential for fishing, marine mining, and hydrocarbon exploration extends into the deep sea.

“We found these little-explored canyons are highly dynamic,” said Tim Shank, a deep-sea biologist from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, who participated from ashore. “With each dive of the ROVs (remotely operated vehicles that are undersea robots with cameras), we documented vertical walls with jagged rock failures, collapsed features, and extensive debris fields. Each canyon also appeared to host different biological communities — even different depths within the same canyon would reveal different types of coral and sponge ecosystems.

“As we explored different sides and depth zones of these canyons, we discovered a broad physical and biological diversity,” said Shank. “One canyon would host great animal diversity but low animal abundance and the next canyon would reveal just the opposite. As with any new deep-sea region we explore, we observed many suspected new species and remarkable range extensions of known species. All these observations will be highly informative to design and implement ocean conservation and management strategies in the near future.”

ROV Deep Discoverer.

ROV Deep Discoverer investigates the geomorphology of Block Canyon.

High resolution (Credit: NOAA Okeanos Explorer Program/2013 Northeast U.S. Canyons Expedition)

Explorers also observed several instances of new coral life establishing itself, hundreds of skate and cat shark eggs on the seafloor and attached to deep-sea corals, and numerous octopus and squid guarding clutches of eggs. Initial impressions revealed these canyons are hot spots for biodiversity, hosting more than 25 species of corals, and hundreds of associated animals.

Andrea Quattrini, a Ph.D. student from Temple University in Philadelphia, said the expedition provided an immense opportunity for the ocean science and management communities to educate and train the next generation of explorers and deep-sea scientists.

“Their ability to interact with thirty to forty scientists with different areas of expertise, and the free exchange of ideas and discussion, further advanced the exploration and findings by defining new questions and outlining exciting avenues for future research,” she said.

Teachers may take advantage of an Expedition Educational Module at http://go.usa.gov/jn2h. The site provides products tied to the expedition including standards-based lesson plans and ocean-career connections.

Brendan Roark, a geographer from Texas A&M University who participated in the expedition from the ship, believes corals in the area may live as long as 4,000 years. “Deep-sea corals provide a new archive that can help us reconstruct past ocean and climate conditions,” he said. “They grow in a shrub-like fashion and most importantly, they deposit annual growth rings much like trees do. Because of their extremely long life spans, they may develop high resolution records of oceanographic and climate variability.”

An international team of more than 40 scientists and students – partners from multiple federal agencies and academic institutions – located mostly on shore, participated in the expedition’s first leg, receiving data and live video from the ship via telepresence-technology, using satellite and Internet pathways. The science team included several scientists at sea and others in Washington D.C., 12 U.S. states and two nations.

Scientists on the expedition’s July leg mapped 7,209 square kilometers of seafloor as they explored areas between 560 meters (1,837 feet) and 2,135 meters (7,005 feet) deep, in and between Block, Alvin, Atlantis, Veatch and Hydrographer canyons. The second leg is exploring Welker, Oceanographer, Lydonia, Nygren and Heezen canyons as well as Mytilus Seamount, one of the easternmost seamounts along the submerged northeast New England Seamount Chain within the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone. Very little information exists for these areas. Scientists on both expedition legs are obtaining valuable data using the latest technologies including state-of-the-art multibeam sonar and NOAA’s new 6,000-meter ROV, Deep Discoverer, coupled with the Seirios camera sled and lighting platform.

NOAA Fisheries’ Deep-Sea Coral Research and Technology Program and the Northeast Regional planning team contributed scientific and financial support to this expedition. The program provides scientific information needed by NOAA and regional management councils to conserve and manage the nation’s deep-sea coral ecosystems.

NOAA’s Ocean Exploration Program is the only federal program dedicated to systematic exploration of the planet’s largely unknown ocean. NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer is operated, managed and maintained by NOAA’s Office of Marine and Aviation Operations which includes commissioned officers of the NOAA Corps and civilian wage mariners. NOAA’s Office of Ocean Exploration and Research operates, manages and maintains the cutting-edge ocean exploration systems on the vessel and ashore.

NOAA’s mission is to understand and predict changes in the Earth's environment, from the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun, and to conserve and manage our coastal and marine resources. Join us on Facebook, Twitter and our other social media channels.

Close up view of a stalked crinoid’s (sea lily) mouth and arms.

Close up view of a stalked crinoid’s (sea lily) mouth and arms. At least two species of crinoids were noted during a dive at Block Canyon, including stalked crinoids.

High resolution (Credit: NOAA Okeanos Explorer Program/2013 Northeast U.S. Canyons Expedition)

Corals.

Corals, including cup corals and bubblegum corals reside on the hard substrate near the edge of a mussel bed.

High resolution (Credit: NOAA Okeanos Explorer Program/2013 Northeast U.S. Canyons Expedition)

NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer.

NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer, “America’s Ship for Ocean Exploration,” is the only federally funded U.S. ship assigned to systematically explore our largely unknown ocean for the purpose of discovery and the advancement of knowledge. Telepresence, using real-time broadband satellite communications, connects the ship and its discoveries live with audiences ashore.

High resolution (Credit: NOAA Okeanos Explorer Program/2013 Northeast U.S. Canyons Expedition)

Deep Discoverer.

During NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer’s mid-expedition port visit to New York City, Dave Lovalvo answers questions for visiting Sea Cadets, about NOAA’s new ROV (remotely operated vehicle) Deep Discoverer, behind Lovalvo. The ROV weighs 9,200 pounds in air, and can dive as deep as 6,000 meters (nearly 20,000 feet). Sea Cadets are with the youth program of the Navy League of the United States.

High resolution (Credit: NOAA Okeanos Explorer Program/2013 Northeast U.S. Canyons Expedition)


View the original article here

Thursday, December 12, 2013

Partners deploy underwater robots to improve hurricane science

September 9, 2013

A fleet of underwater robots is descending into waters off the east coast to collect data that could help improve storm intensity forecasts during future hurricane seasons. Several regions of the NOAA-led U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS®) are partnering to deploy 12 to 16 autonomous underwater robotic vehicles, also known as gliders, from Nova Scotia to Georgia.  

The gliders will be available through the peak fall Atlantic storm season to collect data on ocean conditions, which will help improve scientists’ understanding of hurricanes and pave the way for future improvements in hurricane intensity forecasts.  

“When storms are moving along our coasts, lives depend on accurate forecasts,” said Zdenka Willis, U.S. IOOS program director. “The unmanned gliders will allow us to collect data even in the middle of the storm and eventually provide this information to NOAA’s National Weather Service to help improve forecast precision so decision makers can keep people safe.”

Scientists will deploy the first gliders in the fleet in early September and continue deploying from different locations throughout the next two to three weeks. Each glider will be deployed for three to eight weeks, collecting data into October.

The underwater gliders can travel thousands of miles and continuously collect and send back ocean data. They can operate for several months at a time and can dive repeatedly to collect three-dimensional ocean observations.

Rutgers University is leading this combined science mission involving all three of the east coast IOOS regions: Northeast, Mid-Atlantic and Southeast. In addition to glider data, the mission will use satellite, moored buoy and coastal radar data. During the mission, the gliders will also collect acoustic data about fish and mammal migrations to improve the understanding of their behaviors.  

Collected glider data will go through NOAA’s National Data Buoy Center to NOAA’s National Weather Service, the U.S. Navy and other data users for modeling. Data from the glider missions will also be public and available on the IOOS Glider Asset Map and at http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/gliders.php

In addition to NOAA funding, provided through the IOOS regions, other funding sources for the project include the Office of Naval Research, the Environmental Protection Agency, NASA, a private donor from the University of Delaware, and Canada’s Ocean Technology Network.

IOOS is a federal, regional and private sector partnership working to enhance the ability to collect, deliver and use ocean information. IOOS delivers the data and information needed to increase understanding of our ocean and coasts so that decision makers can act to improve safety, enhance the economy, and protect the environment.

NOAA’s mission is to understand and predict changes in the Earth's environment, from the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun, and to conserve and manage our coastal and marine resources. Join us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and our other social media channels.


View the original article here

Wednesday, December 11, 2013

NOAA confirms wreck is lost 19th century U.S. Coast Survey steamer

August 27, 2013

In 1852, W.A.K. Martin painted this picture of the Robert J. Walker. The painting, now at the Mariner's Museum in Newport News, Virginia, is scheduled for restoration.

In 1852, W.A.K. Martin painted this picture of the Robert J. Walker. The painting, now at the Mariner's Museum in Newport News, Va., is scheduled for restoration.

High resolution (Credit: The Mariners' Museum)

More than 153 years after it was lost in a violent collision at sea, government and university maritime archaeologists have identified the wreck of the ship Robert J. Walker, a steamer that served in the U.S. Coast Survey, a predecessor agency of NOAA.

The Walker, while now largely forgotten, served a vital role as a survey ship, charting the Gulf Coast ? including Mobile Bay and the Florida Keys ? in the decade before the Civil War. It also conducted early work plotting the movement of the Gulf Stream along the Atlantic Coast.

Twenty sailors died when the Walker sank in rough seas in the early morning hours of June 21, 1860, ten miles off Absecon Inlet on the New Jersey coast. The crew had finished its latest surveys in the Gulf of Mexico and was sailing to New York when the Walker was hit by a commercial schooner off New Jersey. The side-wheel steamer, carrying 66 crewmembers, sank within 30 minutes. The sinking was the largest single loss of life in the history of the Coast Survey and its successor agency, NOAA.

Surveyers onboard NOAA Ship Thomas Jefferson produced this multibeam sonar image of the Walker wreck.

Surveyers onboard NOAA Ship Thomas Jefferson produced this multibeam sonar image of the Walker wreck.

High resolution (Credit: NOAA)

“Before this identification was made, the wreck was just an anonymous symbol on navigation charts,” said Rear Admiral Gerd Glang, director of NOAA’s Office of Coast Survey. “Now, we can truly honor the 20 members of the crew and their final resting place. It will mark a profound sacrifice by the men who served during a remarkable time in our history.”

Built in 1847, the Walker was one of the U.S. government’s first iron-hulled steamers, and was intended for the U.S. Revenue Service, the predecessor of the United States Coast Guard. Instead, the Walker and some of its sister steamers were sent to the U.S. Coast Survey.
Admiral Robert J. Papp, commandant of the Coast Guard, said that Walker represented the transition from sail to steam for government vessels, “reflecting the enduring need of the United States to harness the power of new technology to promote its maritime interests.”

“Coast Guardsmen are always saddened by the loss of life at sea and especially so when those lost were working to make the lives of other mariners safer by charting the waters of the United States,” Papp said.

Observations from NOAA's Maritime Heritage program's diving team confirmed the identity of the Walker wreck.

Observations from NOAA's Maritime Heritage program's diving team confirmed the identity of the Walker wreck.

High resolution (Credit: NOAA)

The U.S. Coast Survey is NOAA’s oldest predecessor organization, established by President Thomas Jefferson in 1807 to survey the coast and produce the nation’s nautical charts. In 1860, as the Civil War approached, the Coast Survey redoubled efforts to produce surveys of harbors strategically important to the war effort along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts.

The New York Herald, in reporting the Walker’s loss on June 23, 1860, noted that a “heavy sea was running, and many of the men were doubtless washed off the spars and drowned from the mere exhaustion of holding on, while others were killed or stunned on rising to the surface by concussion with spars and other parts of the wreck.”

NOAA is able to confirm the identity of the Walker using various criteria, including the ship's unique paddlewheel flanges.

NOAA is able to confirm the identity of the Walker using various criteria, including the ship's unique paddlewheel flanges.

High resolution (Credit: NOAA)

The Walker wreck site initially was discovered in the 1970s by a commercial fisherman. The wreck's identity has been a mystery despite being regularly explored by divers. Resting 85 feet underwater, the vessel’s identity was confirmed in June as part of a private-public collaboration that included research provided by New Jersey wreck divers; Joyce Steinmetz, a maritime archaeology student at East Carolina University; and retired NOAA Corps Capt. Albert Theberge, chief of reference for the NOAA Central Library.

While in the area to conduct hydrographic surveys after Hurricane Sandy for navigation safety, NOAA Ship Thomas Jefferson sailed to the wreck site and deployed its multibeam and sidescan sonar systems. Hydrographers searched likely locations based on analysis of historical research by Vitad Pradith, a physical scientist with NOAA’s Office of Coast Survey.

A NOAA Maritime Heritage diving team, on a separate Hurricane Sandy-related mission in the area, was able to positively identify the Walker. Key clues were the size and layout of the iron-hulled wreck, and its unique engines, rectangular portholes, and the location of the ship, which was found still pointing toward the Absecon lighthouse, the final destination of a desperate crew on a sinking vessel.

“The identification of Walker is a result of excellent collaboration with the local community,” said James P. Delgado, director of maritime heritage for NOAA’s Office of National Marine Sanctuaries. “We look forward to working with our local partners to share Walker’s story with the public in a manner that both promotes educational dive tourism and protects this nationally significant wreck and gravesite.”

NOAA’s intent is not to make the wreck a sanctuary or limit diving, but to work with New Jersey’s wreck diving community to better understand the wreck and the stories it can tell.

After a ceremony last month onboard NOAA Ship Thomas Jefferson, Ensign Eileen Pye lays a wreath over the waters where USCS Robert J. Walker sank.

After a ceremony last month onboard NOAA Ship Thomas Jefferson, Ensign Eileen Pye lays a wreath over the waters where USCS Robert J. Walker sank.

High resolution (Credit: NOAA)

“We want to enhance the dive experience and support the dive industry with enhanced access to this wreck,” Delgado said. “New Jersey is home to some of the most accomplished wreck divers who not only understand history and wrecks, but who have also been in the forefront of wreck exploration. We look forward to working with them on the Walker.”

NOAA’s Office of Coast Survey is the nation’s nautical chartmaker. Coast Survey updates charts, surveys the coastal seafloor, responds to maritime emergencies, and searches for underwater obstructions that pose a danger to navigation. Follow Coast Survey on Twitter @nauticalcharts and check out the NOAA Coast Survey blog at for more in-depth coverage of surveying and charting.

NOAA’s Office of National Marine Sanctuaries serves as trustee for a system of 14 marine protected areas, encompassing more than 170,000 square miles of America’s ocean and Great Lakes waters. Through active research, management, and public engagement, national marine sanctuaries sustain healthy environments that are the foundation for thriving communities and stable economies. Follow Sanctuaries on Facebook and on Twitter @sanctuaries.

NOAA’s mission is to understand and predict changes in the Earth's environment, from the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun, and to conserve and manage our coastal and marine resources. Join us on Facebook, Twitter and our other social media channels.


View the original article here

Tuesday, December 10, 2013

Grant aids purchase of critical coastal habitat in Puerto Rico

June 13, 2013

Puerto Rico.

NOAA's Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Program helped acquire more than 87 acres of critical coastal habitat in Puerto Rico, that will serve to protect a wetlands, mangroves and beaches that are are also nesting grounds for endangered sea turtles.

Download here (Credit: USFWS)

A NOAA grant of $1 million has helped the territory of Puerto Rico complete the acquisition of Dos Mares, an 87-acre parcel that includes wetlands, forested wetlands, and a coastal mangrove forest.

Puerto Rico’s Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (DNER) provided $2 million in matching funds for the acquisition. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service contributed $500,000 to the purchase. and the Trust for Public Land also contributed other costs related to the purchase.  

The grant comes from a fiscal year 2010 grant competition held by NOAA’s Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Program (CELCP).

The acquisition of the Dos Mares parcel completes the overall San Miguel Phase III CELCP project, which included the previous purchase of a 117-acre parcel. Both properties are located within Puerto Rico’s Reserva Natural Corredor Ecológico del Noreste (Northeast Ecological Corridor Reserve), an ecologically diverse mosaic of coastal habitats including coral reefs, inter-tidal areas, wetlands, forests, mangroves, and beaches. The reserve is home to more than 800 species of flora and fauna and its pristine beaches are a popular nesting area for endangered leatherback and hawksbill turtles. Currently about 65 percent of the reserve’s 3,000 acres are in public ownership.

Puerto Rico.

Map of NOAA's Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Program project area along the coast of Puerto Rico.

Download here (Credit: Google Earth)

“The Northeast Ecological Corridor is an area of high priority and importance for us. The acquisition of these lands guarantees the long-term protection of this ecologically magnificent area,” said Irma Pagán, sub-secretary of Puerto Rico DNER. “This reserve is unique because the driving force for protecting it and maintaining its natural integrity has been the community and their grass roots commitment and efforts. Partnerships with agencies like NOAA and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service have been vital in moving forward with these efforts.”

“This NOAA conservation grant program is one of America’s best investments because it leverages funds from federal, state and private partners to acquire and protect acres of critical coastal habitat that help coastal communities and ecosystems become more resilient to climate change and human impacts,” said Margaret Davidson, acting director of NOAA’s Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management. “We are pleased to have contributed to the protection of this critical habitat in Puerto Rico.”

The long-term protection of the Dos Mares and San Miguel properties also complements the efforts of NOAA’s Coral Reef Conservation Program to manage and protect coral reefs within the reserve. The program is currently supporting the development of a watershed plan for Rio Fajardo and an integrated marine management plan with other partners, including DNER.

NOAA’s CELCP, established by Congress in 2002 to advance the objectives of the Coastal Zone Management Act, has protected nearly 100,000 acres of critical coastal and estuarine lands in partnership with federal, state, territorial and local government agencies and private organizations.

NOAA’s mission is to understand and predict changes in the Earth's environment, from the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun, and to conserve and manage our coastal and marine resources. Join us on Facebook, Twitter and our other social media channels.


View the original article here

Monday, December 9, 2013

Deep sea ecosystem may take decades to recover from Deepwater Horizon spill

Media ContactNOAA
Ben Sherman
202-253-5256
Keeley Belva
301-713-3066 Texas A&M University Corpus Christi
Cindy McCarrier, 3618252336/
3168710837,

Gloria Gallardo, 361.825.2427 or 361.331.5093 (cell);

Cassandra Hinojosa, 361.825.2337 or 361.658.5829 (cell)

University of Nevada, Reno,
Mike Wolterbee
7757844547
September 24, 2013

Retrieving Sample Cylinders into Gulf - Multicorer sampling operation aboard the RV Gyre.

Retrieving Sample Cylinders into Gulf - Multicorer sampling operation aboard the RV Gyre.

(Credit - with permission from: Texas A&M-University Corpus Christi, Sandra Arismendez.)

The deep­sea soft-sediment ecosystem in the immediate area of the 2010’s Deepwater Horizon well head blowout and subsequent oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico will likely take decades to recover from the spill’s impacts, according to a scientific paper reported in the online
scientific journal PLoS One.

The paper is the first to give comprehensive results of the spill’s effect on deep­water
communities at the base of the Gulf’s food chain, in its soft­bottom muddy habitats, specifically
looking at biological composition and chemicals at the same time at the same location.

“This is not yet a complete picture,” said Cynthia Cooksey, NOAA’s National Centers for Coastal
Ocean Science lead scientist for the spring 2011 cruise to collect additional data from the sites
sampled in fall 2010. “We are now in the process of analyzing data collected from a subsequent
cruise in the spring of 2011. Those data will not be available for another year, but will also
inform how we look at conditions over time.”

“As the principal investigators, we were tasked with determining what impacts might have occurred to the sea floor from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill,” said Paul Montagna, Ph.D., Endowed Chair for Ecosystems and Modeling at the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, Texas A&M University­Corpus Christi. “We developed an innovative approach to combine tried and true classical statistical techniques with state of the art mapping technologies to create a map of the footprint of the oil spill.”

Sample Cylinders into Gulf - Multicorer sampling operation in Gulf of Mexico on the RV Gyre.

Sample Cylinders into Gulf - Multicorer sampling operation in Gulf of Mexico on the RV Gyre.

(Credit - with permission from: Texas A&M-University Corpus Christi, Sandra Arismendez.)

“Normally, when we investigate offshore drilling sites, we find pollution within 300 to 600 yards
from the site,” said Montagna. “This time it was nearly two miles from the wellhead, with identifiable impacts more than ten miles away. The effect on bottom of the vast underwater plume is something, which until now, no one was able to map. This study shows the devastating effect the spill had on the sea floor itself, and demonstrates the damage to important natural resources.”

“The tremendous biodiversity of meiofauna in the deep­sea area of the Gulf of Mexico we studied has been reduced dramatically,” said Jeff Baguley, Ph.D., University of Nevada, Reno expert on meiofauna, small invertebrates that range in size from 0.042 to 0.300 millimeters in size that live in both marine and fresh water. “Nematode worms have become the dominant group at sites we sampled that were impacted by the oil. So though the overall number of meiofauna may not have changed much, it’s that we’ve lost the incredible biodiversity.”

The oil spill and plume covered almost 360 square miles with the most severe reduction of
biological abundance and biodiversity impacting an area about 9 square miles around the wellhead, and moderate effects seen 57 square miles around the wellhead.

The research team, which included members from University of Nevada,Reno, Texas A&M University­Corpus Christi, NOAA’s National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science and representatives from BP, is conducting the research for the Technical Working Group of the NOAA­directed Natural Resource Damage Assessment.

Processing Core Sample Cylinder from Gulf - Rick Kalke Harte Research Institute processing multicorer sediment sample aboard the RV Gyre.

Processing Core Sample Cylinder from Gulf - Rick Kalke Harte Research Institute processing multicorer sediment sample aboard the RV Gyre.

(Credit - with permission from: Texas A&M-University Corpus Christi, Sandra Arismendez.)

Others working on the study with Montagna, Baguley, and Cooksey were NOAA scientists, Ian
Hartwell and Jeffrey Hyland.

The PLoS One paper can be found online.

# # #

About HRI: The Harte Research Institute (HRI), an endowed research component of Texas A&M
University­Corpus Christi, is dedicated to advancing the long­term sustainable use and conservation
of the Gulf of Mexico. Expertise at the HRI includes the integration of social and natural
sciences, including policy, economics, ecosystems, fisheries, biodiversity and conservation, and
geospatial science. The HRI is made possible by an endowment from the Ed Harte family. For more
information, go to harteresearchinstitute.org and hrif.org.

About UNR: Founded in 1874 as Nevada’s land­grant university, the University of Nevada, Reno ranks
in the top tier of best national universities. With more than 18,000 students, the University
is driven to contribute a culture of student success, world­improving research and outreach that
enhances communities and business. Part of the Nevada System of Higher Education, the University
has the system’s largest research program and is home to the state’s medical school. With outreach
and education programs in all Nevada counties and home to one of the largest study­abroad
consortiums, the University extends across the state and around the world.

About NOAA’s NCCOS: NOAA’s National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science is the coastal science
office for NOAA’s National Ocean Service. Visit the NCCOS website or follow our blog to
learn more about our research.

NOAA’s mission is to understand and predict changes in the Earth's environment, from the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun, and to conserve and manage our coastal and marine resources. Join us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and our other social media channels.


View the original article here

Sunday, December 8, 2013

Eleven marine debris removal projects to share $967,000 in NOAA grants

September 4, 2013

The Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources will continue organizing cleanups to remove debris from beaches in Kaho'olawe.

The Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources will continue organizing cleanups to remove debris from beaches in Kaho'olawe.

High resolution (Credit: NOAA)

NOAA’s Marine Debris Program announced today that it provided $967,000 through NOAA’s Restoration Center to support locally driven, community-based marine debris prevention and removal projects. Eleven groups across the country received funding to remove derelict fishing nets, litter, lumber, tires and other harmful marine debris from shorelines and coastal waters.

“Marine debris plagues coastlines all over the country, and these communities have the expertise and motivation to address it,” said Nancy Wallace, Marine Debris Program director. “We are proud to support them as they work to mitigate impacts and address the damage marine debris has caused.”

The projects typically last for 24 months and create long-term ecological improvements for coastal habitat, waterways and wildlife, including migratory fish.

The projects were chosen from a pool of 46 applications submitted by non-governmental organizations, tribes, academia and local government agencies. The combined request from all applications totaled nearly $5 million, demonstrating the widespread need to address marine debris across the country. With this program, NOAA has funded 76 marine debris removal projects and removed more than 3,800 metric tons of marine debris from our oceans and Great Lakes since 2006.

This year’s projects include:

Alabama: The Dauphin Island Sea Lab will remove derelict vessels and address habitat impairment in the Dog River Watershed in Mobile. ($99,766) Alaska: The Alaska Marine Stewardship Foundation will conduct marine debris cleanups in five communities in the Bering Sea: Port Heiden, Nelson Lagoon, Nikolski, St. George and Savoonga. ($210,000) The Sitka Sound Science Center will perform cleanups of tsunami debris from Japan that impacted Alaskan coastlines. ($120,000) California: The Wiyot Tribe of the Humboldt Bay region will remove large marine debris from the within bay and on Indian Island, a National Historic Landmark known for its importance as the site of the Wiyot World Renewal ceremony. ($125,000)Florida: The Coastal Cleanup Corporation will remove plastics, glass, Styrofoam, rubber and discarded fishing gear from sea turtle nesting sites within Biscayne National Park. ($16,953) Hawaii: The Hawaii Wildlife Fund will continue its work to remove marine debris from the shoreline of Big Island of Hawaii, focusing on the Ka‘u coast. ($45,000) The Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources will remove debris from Kaho‘olawe. ($100,530) New York: Hofstra University will remove debris from one of the last remaining natural salt marshes in Nassau County, in collaboration with Long Beach School District and Town of Hempstead. ($75,000) North Carolina: The North Carolina Coastal Federation will implement a pilot program working with commercial fishermen to remove derelict crab pots and repurpose them as artificial oyster reefs. ($35,576)Puerto Rico: The Corporation for The Conservation of The San Juan Bay Estuary will remove litter from Condado Lagoon, one of two natural lagoons in Puerto Rico. ($40,000) Washington: The Northwest Straits Foundation will continue its longstanding efforts to remove derelict fishing nets from Puget Sound and surrounding marine waters. ($99,995)

NOAA’s Restoration Center is now accepting applications for the next funding cycle and applications are due November 1. For more information, visit http://www.habitat.noaa.gov/funding/marinedebris.html.

NOAA’s Marine Debris Program leads national efforts to research, prevent and reduce the impacts of marine debris. Its staff, which is positioned across the country, supports marine debris projects in partnership with state and local agencies, tribes, non-governmental organizations, academia and industry. The program also spearheads national research efforts and works to change behavior in the public through outreach and education initiatives. For more information, visit www.marinedebris.noaa.gov.

NOAA’s mission is to understand and predict changes in the Earth's environment, from the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun, and to conserve and manage our coastal and marine resources. Join us on Facebook, Twitter and our other social media channels.


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Saturday, December 7, 2013

Sanctuaries establishes new business advisory council

September 12, 2013

NOAA’s Office of National Marine Sanctuaries has established a new business advisory council to give its director the views of industry leaders as they work with corporate partners in marine resource protection.

“The ocean is a fundamental part of the U.S. economy, security, history, and culture,” said Daniel J. Basta, director of the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries.“However, the relationship between the conservation and commercial sectors is not well understood or coordinated. We hope this council will help us bridge that divide.”

Business leaders will be invited to join the council, which will consist of 15 volunteers representing industries such as travel and tourism, recreation, fishing, transportation, energy, and marketing. Members will be appointed by the national marine sanctuaries director and serve two- to three-year terms.

Council members will serve as liaisons between their industries and NOAA, keeping sanctuary leadership informed of issues and concerns, as well as providing information to their respective sectors about national marine sanctuary system initiatives. The council will not have a role in providing advice on regulatory or administrative matters.

The council will work with sanctuary leadership on strategies to use the sanctuary system’s recreational value and beauty to aid local economies, engage the corporate sector and other non-traditional partners in marine resource protection, and develop projects to sustain and protect the sanctuaries and other marine protected areas, among other initiatives.

For additional information about the business council, visit http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/management/bac/

NOAA’s Office of National Marine Sanctuaries serves as trustee for a system of 14 marine protected areas, encompassing more than 170,000 square miles of America’s ocean and Great Lakes waters. Through active research, management, and public engagement, national marine sanctuaries sustain healthy environments that are the foundation for thriving communities and stable economies. Authority for the business advisory council is provided under the National Marine Sanctuaries Act.

NOAA’s mission is to understand and predict changes in the Earth's environment, from the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun, and to conserve and manage our coastal and marine resources. Join us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and our other social media channels.


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Friday, December 6, 2013

New website features millions of chemical analyses from Deepwater Horizon oil spill

September 12, 2013

NOAA announced the release yesterday of a comprehensive, quality-controlled dataset  that gives ready access to millions of chemical analyses and other data on the massive Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. The dataset, collected to support oil removal activities and assess the presence of dispersants, wraps up a three year process that began with the gathering of water samples and measurements by ships in the Gulf of Mexico during and after the oil release in 2010. 

NOAA was one of the principal agencies responding to the Macondo well explosion in the Gulf of Mexico, and is the official ocean data archivist for the federal government. While earlier versions of the data were made available during and shortly after the response, it took three years for NOAA employees and contractors to painstakingly catalog each piece of data into this final form.

This Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill dataset, including more than two million chemical analyses of sediment, tissue, water, and oil, as well as toxicity testing results and related documentation, is available to the public online at: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/deepwaterhorizon/specialcollections.html.

A companion dataset, including ocean temperature and salinity data, currents, preliminary chemical results and other properties collected and made available during the response can be found at: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/deepwaterhorizon/insitu.html.

The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill response involved the collection of an enormous dataset. The underwater plume of hydrocarbon -- a chemical compound that consists primarily of the elements carbon and hydrogen -- was a unique feature of the spill, resulting from a combination of high-pressure discharge from the well near the seafloor and the underwater application of chemical dispersant to break up the oil. 

“The size and scope of this project -- the sheer number of ships and platforms collecting data, and the broad range of data types -- was a real challenge. In the end, it was a great example of what can be accomplished when you bring together the expertise across NOAA, making this quality-controlled information easily available to the general public for the first time,” said Margarita Gregg, Ph. D., director of the National Oceanographic Data Center, which is part of NOAA's Satellite and Information Service.

The effort to detect and track the plume was given to the Deepwater Horizon Response Subsurface Monitoring Unit (SMU), led by NOAA’s Office of Response and Restoration, and included responders from many federal and state agencies and British Petroleum (BP). Between May and November 2010, the SMU coordinated data collection from 24 ships on 129 cruises.  

The SMU data archived at NOAA’s National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) is already being used by researchers at NOAA and in academia for a range of studies, including models of oil plume movement and investigations of subsurface oxygen anomalies. In addition to NODC, other parts of the NOAA archive system such as NOAA’s National Geophysical Data Center and the NOAA Central Library contain important holdings. Recently, the library‘s Deepwater Horizon Centralized Repository won recognition from the Department of Justice “as one of the best successes in the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) world last year.”

By law, these data will remain available through NOAA’s archive systems for at least 75 years. Additional data from the Deepwater Horizon/Macondo spill can be found at the NOAA oil spill archive website: http://www.noaa.gov/deepwaterhorizon/ and data collected in the on-going Natural Resource Damage Assessment can be found at: http://www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov/.

NOAA’s mission is to understand and predict changes in the Earth's environment, from the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun, and to conserve and manage our coastal and marine resources. Join us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and our other social media channels.


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Thursday, December 5, 2013

Contiguous U.S. had eighth wettest and 15th warmest summer

August Extreme Weather/Climate Events
Climate Highlights — AugustThe average temperature for the contiguous U.S. during August was 73.1°F, 1.0°F above the 20th century average — the 28th warmest such month on record. The western U.S., particularly the Northwest, was warmer than average during August. Idaho had its second warmest August, with a monthly temperature of 69.4°F, 4.5°F above average. Wyoming tied its third warmest August, with a temperature of 67.8°F, 3.7°F above average.Below-average temperatures stretched from the Central Plains, through the Ohio Valley, and along most of the Eastern Seaboard, but no state had August temperatures ranking among the ten coolest.The nationally-averaged August precipitation total of 2.63 inches was 0.03 inch above average. Both wet and dry extremes were experienced across the contiguous U.S. during August, resulting in a near-average national precipitation total for the month. California, Georgia, and Kansas each experienced a top ten wet August, while Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, and Minnesota each had a top ten dry month.According to the September 3rd U.S. Drought Monitor report, 50.1 percent of the contiguous U.S experienced drought conditions, up 4.5 percent since the end of July. Drought conditions expanded into the Upper Midwest and Lower Mississippi River Valley, as well as Hawaii. Beneficial rainfall helped to improve, but not eliminate, drought conditions across the Central and Southern Plains.On a local basis, the number of record warm daily highs and lows (about 1800) during August was slightly greater than the number of record cool daily highs and lows (about 1450). Climate Highlights — summer (June – August)The summer contiguous U.S. temperature of 72.6°F was 1.2°F above the 20th century average and the 15th warmest summer on record for the nation. The West and parts of the Northeast were much warmer than average during summer. In the West, eight states, from New Mexico to Washington, had seasonal temperatures that ranked among the ten warmest on record. In the Northeast, four states had one of their ten warmest summers on record.Below-average summer temperatures were observed in the Southeast and parts of the Ohio Valley, but no state had summer temperatures ranking among the ten coolest. The Alaska statewide average summer temperature was 2.7°F above the 1971-2000 average and ranked as the second warmest summer in the 96-year period of record for the state. The warmest June-August occurred in 2004 when the statewide temperature was 4.1°F above average.The summer precipitation total for the contiguous U.S. was 9.53 inches, 1.28 inches above average. This marked the eighth wettest summer on record and the wettest since 2004. Wetter-than-average conditions were observed across much of the East, where 19 states had one of the ten wettest summer periods on record. Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, and New York each experienced record breaking statewide precipitation totals during the season. In fact, this marked the second consecutive summer of record high precipitation in Florida. Above-average precipitation was also observed in parts of the Southwest, were Arizona had its ninth wettest summer on record.The components of the U.S. Climate Extremes Index (USCEI) that examine extremes in 1-day precipitation totals and warm night time temperatures ranked as the third and fourth highest on record for the summer season, respectively. When combining all components of the USCEI, the index was above average for June-August. The USCEI is an index that tracks the highest and lowest 10 percent of extremes in temperature, precipitation, tropical cyclones, and drought across the contiguous United States.Based on NOAA's Residential Energy Demand Temperature Index (REDTI), the contiguous U.S. temperature-related energy demand during June–August was near average and ranked as 53rd highest summer value in the 119-year period of record. Climate Highlights — year-to-date (January – August)The year-to-date contiguous U.S. temperature was 54.5°F, 0.6°F above the 20th century average and was the 34th warmest January-August on record. Warmer-than-average temperatures were observed in the West and Northeast. California had its eighth warmest January-August with a temperature of 62.0°F, 2.0°F above average. Below-average temperatures stretched from the Upper Midwest, through the Mississippi River Valley, and into the Southeast. The year-to-date contiguous U.S. precipitation total of 21.77 inches was 1.57 inches above average and was the 18th wettest January-August on record. However, rainfall was not evenly distributed across the country.Dry precipitation extremes were observed in the West and wet precipitation extremes were observed in the East. California, Idaho, Nevada, and Oregon each had a top ten dry year-to-date period. California's precipitation total of 5.08 inches was record low for the eight-month period at 9.54 inches below average, and 1.27 inches less than the previous record dry January-August of 1898. Above-average precipitation was observed for most locations east of the Rockies. Eleven states across the Midwest and Southeast had year-to-date precipitation totals that ranked among the ten wettest. For the eight-month period, Georgia had 51.85 inches of precipitation, 15.46 inches above average and Michigan had 27.62 inches of precipitation, 7.07 inches above average — both states experienced a record wet January-August.For the year-to-date period, the components of the USCEI that examine extremes in 1-day precipitation totals and the spatial extent of drought ranked as seventh and ninth highest on record, respectively. When combining all components of the USCEI, the index was near average for January-August. Based on the REDTI, the contiguous U.S. temperature-related energy demand during January-August was slightly below average. Alaska had its 11th warmest August since records began in 1918, with a temperature 2.0°F (1.1°C) above the 1971–2000 average.Alaska had its 2nd warmest June-August since records began in 1918, with a temperature 2.7°F (1.5°C) above the 1971–2000 average.Alaska had its 22nd warmest January-August since records began in 1918, with a temperature 1.1°F (0.6°C) above the 1971–2000 average.Alaska had its 33rd wettest August since records began in 1918, with an anomaly that was 16.9 percent above the 1971–2000 average.Alaska had its 48th wettest June-August since records began in 1918, with an anomaly that was 2.7 percent above the 1971–2000 average.Alaska had its 24th wettest January-August since records began in 1918, with an anomaly that was 15.0 percent above the 1971–2000 average.

For additional details about recent temperatures and precipitation across the U.S., see the Regional Highlights section below and visit the Climate Summary page". For information on local temperature and precipitation records during the month, please visit NCDC's Records page.

Regional Highlights:These regional summaries were provided by the six Regional Climate Centers and reflect conditions in their respective regions. These six regions differ spatially from the nine climatic regions of the National Climatic Data Center.

Northeast Region: (Information provided by the Northeast Regional Climate Center)Following three months of above-normal temperatures, the Northeast was cooler than normal in August. With an average temperature of 67.2 degrees F (19.6 degrees C), it was 1.2 degrees F (0.7 degrees C) below normal. The lone warm state was Vermont with a departure of +0.1 degrees F (+0.1 degrees C). Departures for the rest of the states ranged from -0.3 degrees F (-0.2 degrees C) in Maine to -1.9 degrees F (-1.1 degrees C) in Maryland. As for summer, the Northeast's average temperature of 68.6 degrees F (20.3 degrees C) was 0.7 degrees F (0.4 degrees C) above normal. West Virginia ended summer at normal, while all other states were warmer than normal. In fact, seven of the region's twelve states ranked this summer among their top 20 warmest. Departures ranged from +0.2 degrees F (+0.1 degrees C) in Maryland to +1.8 degrees F (+1.00 degree C) in Massachusetts.For the fourth month in a row, the Northeast was wetter than normal. During August the region received 4.23 inches (107.44 mm) of precipitation, 108 percent of normal. While overall the region was wetter than normal, the individual states were split. West Virginia led the six wet states with 146 percent of normal, making it the state's 12th wettest August. Departures for the other wet states ranged from 129 percent of normal in Maine to 103 percent of normal in Pennsylvania. As for the six dry states, departures ranged from 97 percent of normal in New York to 71 percent of normal in Vermont. Looking at summer, the Northeast received 16.56 inches (420.62 mm) of rain, 134 percent of normal, making it the wettest summer since recordkeeping began. All states ranked this summer among their top 11 wettest, with New York seeing its wettest summer on record at 137 percent of normal precipitation. Departures for the rest of the states ranged from 119 percent of normal in Pennsylvania to 171 percent of normal in Delaware. In addition, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, had its wettest summer on record with 29.71 inches (754.63 mm) of precipitation, beating the old record of 24.58 inches (624.33 mm) set in 2011.While August started with no areas of dryness in the Northeast, an area of abnormal dryness was introduced in north central Pennsylvania in the U.S. Drought Monitor released on August 29 due to precipitation deficits over the past 90 days.Thunderstorms in western and central Pennsylvania on the 7th produced multiple funnel clouds and wind gusts up to 90 mph (40 m/s). The storms downed trees and power lines, blew roofs off barns, and dropped hail up to 1.00 inch (2.54 cm) in diameter. Repeated thunderstorms over the same areas in central New York caused significant flash flooding on the 8th. In Tompkins County, 1.25 inches (31.75 mm) of rain fell in a 20-minute period with 24-hour rain totals of around 5.00 inches (127.00 mm) in that county and surrounding counties. In Cortland County, over a hundred people were evacuated. The heavy rains washed out roads and flooded homes and businesses. According to Press and Sun Bulletin, preliminary estimates place damage in parts of Tompkins County at around $1 million. Storms also caused flooding in parts of Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and Massachusetts on the 8th and 9th. On the 11th, three waterspouts were spotted on Lake Erie southwest of Erie, Pennsylvania. An EF-0 tornado and straight-line winds damaged trees in Harford County, Maryland, on the 13th. On the same day, an EF-0 tornado touched down in Ocean County, New Jersey. The tornado downed trees and power lines and damaged several churches. The storms that produced the tornadoes also caused flash flooding in southeastern Pennsylvania, northern Delaware, and southern New Jersey. More flash flooding occurred in New Jersey on the 22nd. Several lanes of Interstate 295 were blocked by water causing a 10-mile backup in Burlington County. On the 24th three waterspouts were spotted on the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland.For more information, please go to the Northeast Regional Climate Center Home Page.Midwest Region: (Information provided by the Midwest Regional Climate Center)August temperatures were within a couple degrees F (1 C) of normal across the Midwest. Above normal temperatures were located in the northwest parts of the region in Minnesota and a few parts of Iowa and Wisconsin. Cooler than normal temperatures stretched across the southern half of the region from Missouri to Ohio and southern Michigan. Temperatures were below average through the middle of the month followed by much warmer than normal temperatures in the last ten days of August. Freezing temperatures were recorded at a handful of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Upper Michigan stations on August 10th and 14th. Temperatures hit 100 degrees F (37.8 C) on the 30th and 31st at multiple stations in Missouri, Iowa, and Illinois. Summer (June, July, August) temperatures were very close to normal in the Midwest.August precipitation in the Midwest varied from no precipitation to more than 20.00 inches (508 mm). The highest and lowest values were both recorded in Missouri. Stations with no precipitation for the month occurred in Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri and dozens of other stations also set new records for lowest August precipitation. Four Midwest states ranked among the driest on record (since 1895) with Illinois the 3rd driest, Indiana 4th, and Iowa and Minnesota ranked 7th driest in the history of each state. In contrast, southern parts of the Midwest were much wetter than normal with heavy rains training along a stationary front. Despite the dry condition in northern Missouri, the heavy rains in the south brought the statewide total above normal for the month. In southern Missouri, three people died in two flash flooding incidents when their cars were washed away swept away by raging water. The rains in the south had summer totals in Kentucky (3rd) and Ohio (5th) ranked among the wettest summers in history while much of the Midwest was below normal, and much below normal in Iowa and northern Missouri. In Iowa, Illinois, and Wisconsin, record wet 2013 January to June precipitation switched to very dry conditions in July and August with the recent 2-month period ranked among the driest 10% on record in each state.Dry conditions in July and early August across much of the Midwest were mitigated by cooler than normal temperatures keeping drought impacts minimal. The latter part of August however saw a continuation of the dry conditions along with much above normal temperatures and conditions quickly deteriorated over large areas. The heat was needed to help mature the crops however, crop conditions worsened sharply due to the dryness. Drought expanded from just 2 percent of the region on July 30th to more than 28 percent on September 3rd. Severe drought expanded from 0 percent to almost 7 percent of the Midwest in the same time period.For details on the weather and climate events of the Midwest, see the weekly summaries in the Midwest Climate Watch page.Southeast Region: (Information provided by the Southeast Regional Climate Center)Mean temperatures were below average across much of the Southeast region in August, except across northern Florida, Puerto Rico, and coastal sections of the Carolinas. Bartow, FL, located between Tampa and Orlando, recorded its warmest August in a record extending back to 1892, while nearby St. Petersburg tied its warmest August in a record also extending back to 1892. The greatest departures for the month were found across interior portions of Alabama, Georgia, and the Carolinas, where monthly temperatures were between 2 and 3 degrees F (1.1 and 1.6 degrees C) below average. Concord, NC, located near Charlotte, recorded its coldest August on record (1933-2013), while nearby Salisbury, NC (1893-2013) and Statesville, NC (1901-2013), recorded their second coldest August on record. The warmest weather of the month occurred between the 9th and 12th, as temperatures reached the mid and upper 90s F (35-37 degrees C) across a large part of the region. A few days later, much cooler air overspread the northern half of the region, with daily maximum temperature departures of 10 to 20 degrees F (6 to 11 degrees C) below average between the 14th and 19th of the month. Overnight temperatures were also unseasonably cool from the 24th to the 26th of the month, as minimum temperatures fell into the 50s F (10-15 degrees C) as far south as central Georgia and into the 40s F (4.4-9.4 degrees C) across the higher elevations of the Southern Appalachians.While the end of August marked the second warmest meteorological summer on record at Cape Hatteras, NC (1874-2013), mean summer temperatures across most of the region were near average for the second consecutive year. Columbus, GA (1948-2013) and Birmingham, AL (1895-2013) recorded their 4th and 5th coldest maximum summer temperature, respectively, while Daytona Beach, FL (1923-2013), Tallahassee, FL (1896-2013), and Washington D.C. (1871-2013) recorded their 4th warmest minimum summer temperature. Through the end of August, the temperature has failed to reach 100 degrees F (38 degrees C) across South Carolina and Alabama, marking the first such occurrence since 1973 and 2001, respectively.Precipitation in August was generally above normal across the Southeast, particularly across the western Panhandle of Florida, southern Alabama and Georgia, and northern South Carolina, where monthly totals exceeded 200 percent of normal. Macon, GA recorded its second wettest August on record (1892-2013) with 10.20 inches (259 mm). Much of the rainfall in the region occurred from the 14th to the 18th of the month as a frontal boundary stalled across the southern half of the region. Columbus, GA recorded 5.73 inches (145 mm) on the 14th, which ranked as the highest daily rainfall total for August and second highest total for any calendar day, falling just short of the record of 5.74 inches (146 mm) set on April 1, 1984. Columbia, SC recorded 4.38 inches (112 mm) on the 16th, which ranked as the third highest daily rainfall total for August in a record extending back to 1887. On the 6th of the month, over 5 inches (127 mm) of rain fell across the Upstate of South Carolina, resulting in one drowning death in Pickens County. Four other individuals had to be rescued along the same stretch of road after flood waters engulfed their cars. The driest locations in August were found across central and eastern portions of North Carolina, the southern shores of Puerto Rico, and much of South Florida, where monthly totals were less than 50 percent of normal. Vero Beach, FL recorded its second driest August on record (1942-2013) with only 1.47 inches (37 mm), which was more than 5 inches below normal.August marked the end of an exceptionally wet summer across many locations in the Southeast. Asheville, NC (1902-2013) recorded its wettest summer on record with 29.64 inches (753 mm), breaking the previous record of 26.06 inches (662 mm) set back in 2005. Columbus, GA also recorded its wettest summer with 24.76 inches (629 mm), breaking the previous record of 24.06 inches (611 mm) also set back in 2005. Several other locations recorded one of their wettest summers on record, including Greenville-Spartanburg, SC, Macon, GA, and San Juan, PR (second wettest); Augusta, GA and Roanoke, VA (third wettest); and Atlanta, GA (fourth wettest).There were 228 preliminary reports of severe weather across the Southeast in August, with at least one report on 23 of 31 days. Only two tornadoes were confirmed across the region. On the 2nd of the month, an EF-2 tornado caused damage to over 30 structures in the Jacksonville, FL area. One person was treated for minor injuries. On the 18th of the month, an EF-1 tornado touched down in Heard County, GA (southwest of Atlanta near the Georgia-Alabama border). At least one mobile home sustained roof damage and numerous trees were snapped.The Southeast remained free of drought in August, marking the first calendar month without any drought designation since February 2010. The wet weather over the past several months continued to affect agricultural production across the region. Saturated fields delayed the harvest of many row crops, while those that were harvested returned generally low yields compared to their five year averages. Some crops also showed signs of disease, including yellowing of pastures and peanuts and fungus on pecans. Crop dusters saw a boom in business this summer since most fields have been too wet for heavy equipment. The extent of crop damage in South Carolina forced Governor Nikki Haley to request that the state be declared an agricultural disaster area. Heavy rains and saturated soils across southern parts of Alabama, Georgia, and northern Florida delayed the planting of fall crops, while periods of drier weather aided in the preparation of fall vegetables and fruits across parts of the Florida Peninsula. In addition, the excess rain this summer contributed to a 34 percent reduction in water bills in the Atlanta area.For more information, please go to the Southeast Regional Climate Center Home Page.High Plains Region: (Information provided by the High Plains Regional Climate Center)The first half of August was quite cool across the High Plains Region with temperature departures of 4.0-10.0 degrees F (2.2-5.6 degrees C) below normal in the Dakotas and 2.0-6.0 degrees F (1.1-3.3 degrees C) below normal in Nebraska and Kansas. During this time, a ridge of high pressure was off to the west, allowing cool, dry air to flow south from Canada. However, toward the end of the month, the ridge shifted to the east and southerly flow dominated bringing some of the hottest temperatures of the summer. For instance, Bismarck, North Dakota set a record high on the 20th with a temperature of 102 degrees F (38.9 degrees C). The old record of 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) was set in 1976 (period of record 1874-2013). With lower than normal temperatures the first half of the month and higher than normal temperatures the last half, much of the Region ended the month near normal. The exceptions included central and southeastern Kansas with monthly temperature departures of 2.0-4.0 degrees F (1.1-2.2 degrees C) below normal and most of Wyoming which had temperature departures of 2.0-4.0 degrees F (1.1-2.2 degrees C) above normal. Temperatures have played an important role this summer as many of the impacts of dryness were staved off by cooler conditions. Unlike last year, a ridge of high pressure was just to the west of most of the Plains states which resulted in cooler, drier northerly flow for the Dakotas, Nebraska, and Kansas for much of the summer. These cooler temperatures slowed crop development - development which was already behind in many places due to either a late snowpack or wet field conditions. While crop progress was lagging, however, the cooler conditions helped with crop stress in the drier areas. By the middle of the month, there was even concern about whether or not crops would reach maturity before the first freeze of the season. But, the heat settled in for the latter half of the month and this had mixed impacts on crops. In the areas that had adequate moisture, the heat was helpful in crop development, however in the dry areas, the heat caused stress.Precipitation this month was hit or miss across the High Plains Region. The spotty precipitation led to both improvements and degradations in drought conditions. Areas such as southern Kansas, western portions of the Dakotas, and northern Nebraska received up to 300 percent of normal precipitation. Meanwhile, large areas of central Wyoming, eastern and central North Dakota, and northeastern South Dakota missed out and received less than 50 percent of normal precipitation. Embedded areas received little to no precipitation and ended the month with less than 5 percent of normal precipitation. With the wide range in precipitation, there were stations which ranked in the top 10 driest or wettest Augusts on record. For instance, Aberdeen, South Dakota received only 0.34 inches (9 mm) of precipitation this month and ranked as the 4th driest on record (period of record 1893-2013). The driest August in Aberdeen occurred in 1947 when only 0.06 inches (2 mm) of precipitation fell. On the other end of the spectrum, Wichita, Kansas had its 2nd wettest August on record with 10.98 inches (279 mm) of precipitation, most of which occurred during the first half of the month. The record 11.96 inches (304 mm) in 2005 was able to hold on (period of record 1888-2013).The heavy precipitation in southern Kansas caused flooding in several communities including Wichita and Hutchinson. Hit or miss precipitation was the theme this summer as precipitation was quite varied across the High Plains Region. Monsoonal moisture brought much needed precipitation to Colorado in July and August which helped alleviate some long and short term drought conditions while also decreasing fire danger. Unfortunately, the rain was a double edged sword as some locations dealt with destructive flash flooding in and around recent burn scars. Southern Kansas also dealt with flooding after a dry start to the summer. For instance, while Wichita started the summer off on the dry side, this summer went down as the 3rd wettest on record with a total of 20.50 inches (521 mm). June precipitation was only 35 percent of normal, while the combined July and August precipitation was 265 percent of normal. The record of 23.61 inches (600 mm) occurred in 2005. To the north, Lincoln, Nebraska had its 6th driest summer on record with only 4.60 inches (117 mm) of precipitation. This was only 0.40 inches (10 mm) off of last year - the 4th driest summer. The 1936 record of 2.84 inches (72 mm) held (period of record 1887-2013). The Dakotas were divided with eastern areas generally below normal and western areas above normal. Meanwhile, Wyoming was dry except for the northeast corner.According to the U.S. Drought Monitor, there were numerous changes in drought conditions over the past month. Significant improvements were made in Kansas and Colorado where beneficial rains fell. The exceptional drought (D4) coverage in Kansas was reduced from 25 percent to about 9 percent, while the D4 coverage in Colorado went from 15 percent to 2 percent. Unfortunately, other areas of the Region did not fare as well. Cool conditions for the first half of the month gave way to hot and dry weather which caused drought conditions to emerge and/or deteriorate rapidly in parts of eastern North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska. For instance, North Dakota started the month free of drought, but ended the month with over 30 percent of the state in at least moderate drought (D1). According to the U.S. Seasonal Drought Outlook released August 15th, drought conditions should improve in portions of eastern Nebraska, central Colorado, central Kansas, and eastern North Dakota. Drought conditions were expected to persist elsewhere through November 2013.For more information, please go to the High Plains Regional Climate Center Home Page.Southern Region: (Information provided by the Southern Regional Climate Center)With the exception of Texas, August was slightly cooler than normal month across the Southern Region. In Texas, temperatures averaged between 1-4 degrees F (0.55-2.22 degrees C) above normal for the month. Texas reported a state-wide average temperature of 83.30 degrees F (28.50 degrees C), which was their twenty-fifth warmest August on record (1895-2013). Elsewhere in the region, temperatures generally averaged between 1-2 degrees F (0.56-1.11 degrees C) below normal, and in the case of northern Arkansas and central Tennessee, between 2-4 degrees F (1.11-2.22 degrees C) below normal. The other state-wide average temperatures for the month are as follows: Arkansas averaged 78.40 degrees F (25.78 degrees C), Louisiana averaged 81.60 degrees F (27.56 degrees C), Mississippi averaged 79.50 degrees F (26.39 degrees C), Oklahoma averaged 80.30 degrees F (26.83 degrees C), and Tennessee averaged 74.80 degrees F (23.78 degrees C). Tennessee experienced its twenty-second coldest August on record (1895-2013), while Mississippi experienced its twenty-eighth coldest August on record (1895-2013). All other state temperature rankings fell within the middle two quartiles.Precipitation totals in the month of August varied significantly over the Southern Region. Central portions of the region received, on average, less than half the expected precipitation. This was also the case for the western and west central counties of Texas. In Arkansas, southern counties experienced an extremely dry month, with many stations reporting less than twenty-five percent of normal rainfall. In contrast, the northern counties in Arkansas experienced a much wetter than normal month, with many stations reporting between one and a half to two times of normal. The state-wide average precipitation totals for the month are as follows: Arkansas recorded 3.95 inches (100.33 mm), Louisiana recorded 3.05 inches (77.47 mm), Mississippi recorded 3.28 inches (83.31 mm), Oklahoma recorded 2.95 inches (74.93 mm), Tennessee recorded 4.01 inches (101.85 mm), and Texas recorded 1.42 inches (36.07 mm). For Louisiana, it was their seventeenth driest August on record (1895-2013), while for Texas, it was their twenty-eighth driest August on record (1895-2013). All other state rankings for the month fell within the two middle quartiles.Drought conditions changed significantly over the month of August. Much of western and northern Louisiana is now experiencing severe drought. This is also the case for southern Arkansas, and west central Mississippi, which also saw little in the way of precipitation. In Texas, the central counties of the state saw a one category deterioration, while the north western corner of the state experienced some improvements. Despite this, much of that portion of Texas is still under the severe grip of drought.There was little in the way of severe weather across the region in August. On August 7, 2013, three tornadoes were reported in the north western corner of the region, however; no injuries were documented.In Texas, August started and ended with high temperatures pushing triple digits; warranting several days of high heat warnings across the state. Many outdoor activities were interrupted over the course of the month, with additional stresses to the state's power supply. The heat affected different businesses in different ways, with water parks seeing boosts in numbers, while tourist traps like the River Walk in San Antonio lost revenue (Information provided by the Texas Office of State Climatology).Drought conditions throughout the month have been particularly taxing to Texas farmers. Cotton yields are expected to be only half of that planted due to dry conditions, while rice farmers along the coast will not see a second crop at all because of low water on the Brazos River. The middle of the month, however, did see some rainfall and cooler temperatures, but not without problems of their own. Storms dropped several inches of rain and hail in the Panhandle, ruining late season crops and possibly prompting disaster declaration, and caused over 100,000 customers in Houston to go without power on August 16, 2013. The high heat has compounded the already problematic hydrological drought with new short-term deficits, leading to high fire risks and poor crop moisture profiles, particularly in the eastern and southern parts of Texas. Burn bans are present in 190 counties and most cities seeing some sort of water restriction in place, including Pflugerville implementing new Stage 3 restrictions for the first time ever. Lake Travis has dropped low enough to prompt the shutdown of a new $140 million water treatment facility in Cedar Park. A recent $2 billion funding bill for water resources is even seeing controversy with rural residents concerned that their water supplies will be used for city-use only (Information provided by the Texas Office of State Climatology).For more information, please go to the Southern Regional Climate Center Home Page.Western Region: (Information provided by the Western Regional Climate Center)Many locations in the West experienced wetter than normal conditions this month as an active monsoon pattern and slow-moving low-pressure systems enhanced thunderstorm activity. Persistent low pressure over the coast and frequent thunderstorms in the Southwest acted to moderate temperatures in these areas. Strong high pressure over the central and southern Rockies brought record high temperatures to the inland Northwest. Several large fires burned throughout the West, impacting air quality and visibility.On the heels of one of the driest Julys on record, August brought scattered heavy precipitation to the Northwest. Wenatchee, in central Washington, received 1.91 in (48 mm) of rain and logged its second wettest August since records began in 1959. Of this total, 1.09 in (28 mm) fell in one hour on August 1st. Redmond, Oregon saw 1.16 in (29 mm) precipitation, 232% of normal and the 8th wettest August in a 67-year record. Areas of Nevada also experienced heavy monsoonal precipitation. Rainfall in Reno totaled 1.08 in (27 mm), the 4th wettest August in the past 77 years. Needles, in California's Mojave Desert, recorded 2.84 in (72 mm), nearly 600% of normal and the 4th wettest in a 66-year record. Significant monsoon moisture also reached northern Arizona, southern Utah, and parts of Colorado. Flagstaff, Arizona had its 11th wettest August on record at 4.85 in (123 mm), 156% of normal. During July and August, Colorado Springs logged 10.33 in (262 mm) rainfall, the second wettest such period in 66 years. Areas of near-normal summer rainfall helped to alleviate some of the exceptional drought in southeastern Colorado.Following a wet July, August precipitation totals were lackluster in southern Arizona and New Mexico. Tucson, Phoenix, and Yuma, Arizona all reported below normal precipitation for the month. After receiving nearly 200% of normal precipitation in July, Albuquerque, New Mexico, received 0.42 in (11 mm), a scant 30% of its normal August precipitation. This summer's precipitation did help to improve drought conditions throughout the state. After a drier than normal summer, severe drought continued for much of western Wyoming. Riverton reported only 0.05 in (1 mm) for the month, 10% of normal. Some improvements in drought conditions were seen in the northeastern portion of the state where normal rainfall totals were received this summer.Many coastal areas saw persistent fog and slightly cooler than normal temperatures. Los Angeles, California reported 22 days with fog this month, 5 days above the average 17 and was 1.0 F (0.5 C) cooler than the August average. Meanwhile, temperatures soared throughout the inland Northwest. Daily temperatures in Salt Lake City, Utah averaged 82.7 F (28.2 C) for the month, the hottest August in a 140-year record. This was also Salt Lake's warmest summer at an average 80.7 F (27.1 C). Boise, Idaho also saw its warmest summer on a 74-year record at an average 76.5 F (24.7 C). Following its all-time hottest month in July, Yakima, Washington averaged 73.2 F (22.9 C) this month, a tie with 1961 for second warmest August since records began in 1947. Temperatures were also warmer than normal throughout Montana; Billings averaged 75.0 F (23.9 C), the 8th warmest in an 80-year record. Elsewhere in the region, Laramie, Wyoming recorded its 2nd warmest summer since records began in 1948 at an average 64.3 F (17.9 C).August wrapped up a warmer than normal summer for much of Alaska. On August 8th, Fairbanks hit its 36th day in a calendar year with a high over 80 F (26.7 C). This breaks the record of 30 days set in 2004. However, on the last day Bettles fell to a frosty record 15 F / -9.4 C. Southern Alaska was wetter than normal with Kodiak and Cold Bay both logging their second wettest August on record at 9.3 in (236 mm) and 6.49 in (165 mm), respectively. Further south, dry conditions continued to dominate throughout Hawaii with most stations across the state reporting less than 50% of normal rainfall. A few locations, such as Molokai and Kaneohe, Oahu logged above normal precipitation.August (all month): Wildfires in the West: Though many large fires burned throughout the West this month, year-to-date the nationwide number of fires is 64% of the 10-year average and acres burned stands at 63% of the 10-year normal. The largest fires include:Rim Fire, California: This fire began August 17, cause unknown. It has since charred over 230,000 acres (93,077 hectares) and become the 4th largest fire in California history. Smoke transported by southwesterly flow brought hazardous air quality to downwind locations such as the Lake Tahoe Basin and west-central Nevada including Reno and Carson City.Beaver Creek and Elk Complex Fires, Central Idaho: These lightning-caused fires began August 7th and 8th and grew to over 110,000 acres (44,575 hectares) and 130,000 acres (52,609 hectares), respectively before they were both contained on the 31st.August 9th: Flash flooding in Manitou Springs, Colorado: The burn scar from last year's Waldo Canyon fire made this area of central Colorado susceptible to flash flooding. The flood resulted in one fatality, six houses destroyed and 11 damaged, along with 40 cars stranded and broken gas, sewer, and water pipes. This was the third flash flood in Manitou Springs this year.August (throughout month) Flooding in Las Vegas, Nevada: Several instances of flash flooding occurred this month throughout the greater Las Vegas area impacting travel and damaging roadways.For more information, please go to the Western Regional Climate Center Home Page.

See NCDC's Monthly Records web-page for weather and climate records for the most recent month. For additional national, regional, and statewide data and graphics from 1895-present, for any period, please visit the Climate at a Glance page.

PLEASE NOTE: All of the temperature and precipitation ranks and values are based on preliminary data. The ranks will change when the final data are processed, but will not be replaced on these pages. Graphics based on final data are provided on the Temperature and Precipitation Maps page and the Climate at a Glance page as they become available.


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Wednesday, December 4, 2013

After 10 years of service, GOES-12 satellite retires

August 19, 2013

GOES-12 captured this visible image of Hurricane Katrina on August 28, 2005, at 11:45 a.m. (EDT). At that time, the storm was at Category 5 strength and projected to impact New Orleans.

GOES-12 captured this visible image of Hurricane Katrina on August 28, 2005, at 11:45 a.m. (EDT). At that time, the storm was at Category 5 strength and projected to impact New Orleans.

High resolution (Credit: NOAA)

GOES-12 has seen it all, from Hurricane Katrina that hit the Gulf Coast in 2005, to the Christmas blizzard that crippled the Central United States in 2009. It even traveled south of the equator to provide coverage for South America starting in 2010. Now, after more than 10 years of stellar service, NOAA’s Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-12 spacecraft is being retired.

Launched on July 23, 2001, the satellite lasted well beyond its original operational design life of two years for on-orbit storage and five years of actual operations to support forecasters and scientists in NOAA’s National Weather Service.

“GOES-12 gave the Western Hemisphere many years of reliable data as the operational eastern GOES for accurate forecasts, from small storms to those of historic proportions,” said Mary Kicza, assistant administrator for NOAA’s Satellite and Information Service.

Built by Space Systems/Loral, GOES-12 became operational April 1, 2003 as the GOES-East satellite, monitoring weather across the U.S. East Coast and part of the Atlantic Ocean. On May 10, 2010, when GOES-12 was no longer able to be maintained to meet the requirements of the National Weather Service, it was shifted to a new position, where it provided coverage of weather conditions affecting South America, including volcanic ash clouds, wildfires, and drought.

When NOAA decommissions a geostationary satellite like GOES-12, it is boosted further into orbit, the remaining fuel is expended, the battery is disabled and the transmitters are turned off. These maneuvers reduce the chances the satellite will collide with other operational spacecraft. Additionally, decommissioning lowers the risk of orbital debris and stops the satellite from transmitting any signals that could interfere with any current or future spacecraft.

NOAA continues to operate GOES-13, which serves as the GOES East satellite for the United States and GOES-15, which is the GOES West satellite - both hovering 22,300 miles above the equator. NOAA also has an orbital backup geostationary satellite, GOES-14, which can be activated if any of the operational satellites experience trouble.

Kicza added: “The NOAA-NASA partnership is making steady progress toward developing and launching the more advanced GOES-R satellite series to position us into the future.”

GOES-R is expected to more than double the clarity of today’s GOES imagery and provide more atmospheric observations than current capabilities with more frequent images.

On January 29, 2010, GOES-12 captured a powerful storm developing in the U.S. mid-west. In the coming days, two blizzards hit the East Coast resulting in historic snowfall totals.

On January 29, 2010, GOES-12 captured a powerful storm developing in the U.S. mid-west. In the coming days, two blizzards hit the East Coast resulting in historic snowfall totals.

High resolution (Credit: NOAA)

Data from the GOES-R instruments will be used to create many different products that will help NOAA meteorologists and other users monitor the atmosphere, land, ocean and the sun. GOES-R will also carry a new Geostationary Lightning Mapper that will provide for the first time a continuous surveillance of total lightning activity throughout the Americas and adjacent oceans.

In addition to GOES, NOAA also operates the polar operational environmental satellite (POES) program satellites, the Defense Meteorological Satellites Program series satellites and the Suomi NPP spacecraft.

NOAA’s mission is to understand and predict changes in the Earth's environment, from the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun, and to conserve and manage our coastal and marine resources. Join us on Facebook, Twitter and our other social media channels.


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Tuesday, December 3, 2013

First-ever National Forum to shape a U.S. national ocean exploration program

July 18, 2013

'Ocean Exploration 2020: A National Forum,' will bring together more than 100 ocean explorers and representatives from federal agencies, state governments, non-governmental organizations, universities, ocean institutions and leading industries to shape a U.S. national ocean exploration program. The Forum, to be held at the Aquarium of the Pacific in Long Beach, July 19-21, will gather experts with the aim of developing a national program that will be fully implemented by 2020.

"The expertise and imagination that will come together at the Forum is exciting," said Robert Detrick, Ph.D., assistant administrator for NOAA Research, and a Forum speaker. "Partnerships will be the key to developing and following-through on a national ocean exploration program that truly makes a difference. Partnerships leverage the funding, equipment, and expertise required to significantly advance the nation's ocean-related scientific, economic, environmental and educational goals."

Forum participants include ocean explorers and ocean resource managers as well as educators, project managers, technologists, information managers and entrepreneurs who will share their ideas for taking the nation's ocean exploration program where it should be in 2020.

"It is an honor that we are co-hosting the Forum that will define the future of ocean exploration and lead to the nation's national ocean exploration program," said Jerry Schubel, Ph.D., president and CEO of the Aquarium of the Pacific.

The first two days of the Forum are by invitation and will involve presentations, panel discussions and breakout sessions covering themes such as exploration priorities, technology, platforms, data and information management and sharing, citizen science and exploration, ocean exploration, and public engagement.

The final day, Sunday, July 21, is Explorers Day and is open to the public. A number of explorers from the Forum will remain to meet with the public to explain their ocean exploration work and to answer questions about ocean exploration robots and other equipment on display. This event is part of the Aquarium of the Pacific's ongoing Ocean Exploration program and Wonders of the Deep exhibit, which launched May 24, 2013.

Explorers Day will also feature demonstrations, workshops, and live interactive engagements with explorers at sea on 'America's ship for ocean exploration,' NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer; with explorers on the Schmidt Ocean Institute's Research Vessel Falkor; and with Dr. Robert Ballard's team on the Ocean Exploration Trust's Exploration Vessel Nautilus.

Forum partners include NOAA, the Aquarium of the Pacific, the Global Foundation for Ocean Exploration, the Schmidt Ocean Institute, Google, Inc., the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Esri, NASA, the National Geographic Society, the National Research Foundation, the Ocean Exploration Trust, The Roddenberry Foundation, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the U.S. Department of State. Others from governmental and non-governmental organizations will participate and during the first two days, and members of the public will participate as 'citizen explorers' online, adding  their voices in shaping the nation's ocean exploration program.

Except for breakout sessions, live streaming video will be available from the Forum at http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/oceanexploration2020/welcome.html. That website also offers more information about the Forum, including how the public may participate in the dialogue, as well as details about the event's partners, agenda, speakers, and related news.

Five breakout sessions are planned-four in-person and one online-each with the same assignment: to outline a 10-to-15-step plan to create a distinctive, distinguished, and inclusive National Ocean Exploration Program in 2020 that considers all ocean exploration stakeholders. Forum participants will then work to reduce and combine elements of the five plans into an ocean exploration vision and plan for a national program, including a strategy for meeting plan goals.

NOAA's Office of Ocean Exploration and Research explores the ocean for the purpose of discovery and the advancement of knowledge. To learn more, visit http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/.

NOAA's mission is to understand and predict changes in the Earth's environment, from the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun, and to conserve and manage our coastal and marine resources. Join us on Twitter, Facebook and our other social media channels. Visit our news release archive. 

The nonprofit Aquarium of the Pacific is a leader in ocean exploration education, bringing current ocean exploration and research initiatives to the forefront and connecting the public to scientists and explorers daily. Join us on FacebookTwitterYouTube and our other social media channels.


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Monday, December 2, 2013

New study suggests coral reefs may be able to adapt to moderate climate change

October 29, 2013

coral bleaching.

A new modeling study shows that widespread bleaching events like this one in Thailand in 2010 will become more common in the future. However, the study also found signs corals may be adapting to warming -- the question is if it can be fast enough to keep up with the rate humans are burning fossil fuels.

High resolution (Credit:C. Mark Eakin/NOAA )

Coral reefs may be able to adapt to moderate climate warming, improving their chance of surviving through the end of this century, if there are large reductions in carbon dioxide emissions, according to a study funded by NOAA and conducted by the agency’s scientists and its academic partners. Results further suggest corals have already adapted to part of the warming that has occurred.

“Earlier modeling work suggested that coral reefs would be gone by the middle of this century. Our study shows that if corals can adapt to warming that has occurred over the past 40 to 60 years, some coral reefs may persist through the end of this century,” said study lead author Cheryl Logan, Ph.D., an assistant professor in California State University Monterey Bay’s Division of Science and Environmental Policy. The scientists from the university, and from the University of British Columbia, were NOAA’s partners in the study.

Warm water can contribute to a potentially fatal process known as coral “bleaching,” in which reef-building corals eject algae living inside their tissues. Corals bleach when oceans warm only 1-2°C (2-4°F) above normal summertime temperatures. Because those algae supply the coral with most of its food, prolonged bleaching and associated disease often kills corals.

The study, published online in the journal Global Change Biology, explores a range of possible coral adaptive responses to thermal stress previously identified by the scientific community. It suggests that coral reefs may be more resilient than previously thought due to past studies that did not consider effects of possible adaptation.

The study projected that, through genetic adaptation, the reefs could reduce the currently projected rate of temperature-induced bleaching by 20 to 80 percent of levels expected by the year 2100, if there are large reductions in carbon dioxide emissions.

“The hope this work brings is only achieved if there is significant reduction of human-related  emissions of heat-trapping gases,” said Mark Eakin, Ph.D., who serves as director of the NOAA Coral Reef Watch monitoring program, which tracks bleaching events worldwide. “Adaptation provides no significant slowing in the loss of coral reefs if we continue to increase our rate of fossil fuel use.”

“Not all species will be able to adapt fast enough or to the same extent, so coral communities will look and function differently than they do today,” CalState’s Logan said.

While this paper focuses on ocean warming, many other general threats to coral species have been documented to exist that affect their long-term survival, such as coral disease, acidification, and sedimentation. Other threats to corals are sea-level rise, pollution, storm damage, destructive fishing practices, and direct harvest for ornamental trade.

According to the Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 report, coral reefs have been lost around the world in recent decades with almost 20 percent of reefs lost globally to high temperatures during the 1998-1999 El Niño and La Niña and an 80 percent percent loss of coral cover in the Caribbean was documented in a 2003 Science paper. Both rates of decline have subsequently been documented in numerous other studies as an on-going trend.

Tropical coral reef ecosystems are among the most diverse ecosystems in the world, and provide economic and social stability to many nations in the form of food security, where reef fish provide both food and fishing jobs, and economic revenue from tourism. Mass coral bleaching and reef death has increased around the world over the past three decades, raising questions about the future of coral reef ecosystems.

In the study, researchers used global sea surface temperature output from the NOAA/GFDL Earth System Model-2 for the pre-industrial period though 2100 to project rates of coral bleaching.

Because initial results showed that past temperature increases should have bleached reefs more often than has actually occurred, researchers looked into ways that corals may be able to adapt to warming and delay the bleaching process.

The article calls for further research to test the rate and limit of different adaptive responses for coral species across latitudes and ocean basins to determine if, and how much, corals can actually respond to increasing thermal stress.

In addition to Logan, the other authors of the paper were John Dunne, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory; Eakin, NOAA’s Coral Reef Watch; and Simon Donner, Department of Geography at the University of British Columbia. NOAA’s Coral Reef Conservation Program funded the study.

NOAA’s mission is to understand and predict changes in the Earth's environment, from the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun, and to conserve and manage our coastal and marine resources. Join us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and our other social media channels.


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